International Affairs

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PAGE TWO IS THE ENTIRE TEXT OF THE LITERATURE YOU HAVE TO WORK ON, THIS 1ST PAGE IS JUST THE INSTRUCTIONS.
Most research projects include a literature review to determine what knowledge exists on the subject under study and to develop the theoretical framework that will be used in the study. The literature review sets the context for the entire research project by explaining what others have found in researching the same or similar specific research questions. The literature review is written in a narrative format.
A literature review begins with an introductory paragraph in which the writer frames the research topic and its significance, and the puzzle that the researcher is addressing. To do that, the writer will summarize the major relevant arguments on the research subject, highlighting the main issues and how schools of thought might differ. If there are key terms to be defined, the writer should do that here. The body of the literature review tells readers what others have found in their studies about your specific research question (the extent of existing knowledge on your specific research question), critiques what is right or wrong with these other studies, and discusses how the work is distinguishable from the research study you are proposing. Your review should organize material by theme or method or what makes sense for the project. This literature review should include a critical review of at least 8-10 appropriate articles, to include scholarly, peer-reviewed articles, material from government publications and websites, or other topic-appropriate source. The conclusion should summarize the primary “sense of the literature”, encapsulating for the reader where the existing literature ends and your research will start as you seek to answer the question that still remains and add to the body of knowledge
This is a new type of writing for many of you so I’m providing some resources for you. You must watch this video before doing the literature review. It explains how to do a literature review as opposed to an annotated bibliography. This resource explains the difference: https://edge.apus.edu/portal/site/332608/page/4ada… Do NOT provide an annotated bibliography. Please also take a close look at the attached rubric. The rubric lets you know how I will award points.
Please make sure to watch this screencast on properly incorporating quotes in academic writing. Seriously, watch it.

Research Proposal;
Background; America’s Potential Decline,
Theories of International relations in a broader sense, allow one to understand and make sense of the world through different lenses. Let me clarify my understanding of potential decline, its concept.”Potential Decline refers to the potential threat, incompatibility and the diminish of American values”.
Problem Statement;
This research proposal examines the transnational terrorism through the lens of international relations and as a threat to America. This case study is highly significant in that terrorism top most international affairs discussion, and has vehemently threatened to paralysis the peace and security of American citizens worldwide. Activities of September 11, 2001 following a twin tower bombing, changed the trajectory of American security policy, while it also heightened the potential threat for Americans both home and abroad. During a recent senate homeland security and government affairs meeting the FBI director Christopher Wray says, “ Our nation continues to face a multitude of serious and evolving threats ranging from homegrown violent extremists to cyber criminals to hostile foreign intelligence services and operatives. Keeping pace with these threats is a significant challenge for the FBI”. He also said, “ As an organization, we must also be able to stay current with constantly changing and new technologies that make our jobs both easier and harder”. (usa news.com). Therefore, the research on ‘America’s potential decline’ would formulate a technical framework on how the issue of transnational terrorism is affecting America.
Research Question;
Why is transnational terrorism an issue that is affecting America?
Objective of Research Project (what you hope to accomplish)
I’m hoping to accomplish the effect of how “America’s Potential Decline”,
How potential threats affect developed countries vs underdeveloped. Why the effect of terrorism vs religion could be the most underlying factor of the potential threats. Also elaborate on how potential threats can have a positive or negative outcomes. The negative side, threats can result in greater decline of communities and nations. Positive access to resources for security agencies are place on a rapid response, speed dial mode.
Rationale for Research;
Why is it important as a contribution to the field of study? What background do you have with the topic?
What is the Impact of America’s Potential threat?
Variables;
? Average growth of potential home grown during the past 5 years as a dependent variable
? The change and rise in the global threats index over the past five years as the main independent variable Obviously, the need to consider some other independent variables like states and county level of literacy rate, capital formation, foreign investment, corruption etc.
? Unit of Analysis Country
? Data source – Course provided data, other research data, or Pippa Norris data set
Theory
What theoretical and empirical literature justifies the question?
The phenomenon, set of measurable characteristics, by set or scale between 0-10 By State or Region
Low Income
Median Income
Religious Affiliation
Political Party
High Income
Geographical location
Preliminary Literature Review;
Terrorists intend to instill fear in the people so that they cannot continue with their normal operations. According to McGlinchey, “International Relations.” globalization has presented with it not only unparalleled chances and progress in human development but also greater perils. Terrorism threats could be the most singular unparalleled threat the international community face in modern day history. The rise and proliferation of transnational terrorist groups that operate in several countries and their ramification transcends national borders. Brown, mention how transnational terrorism is designed to provoke state into action, however the unimaginable response from the United States not responding with “Fire to Fire” for the 9/11 attack, form a mix reaction among scholars as they had anticipate an eye for an eye, reaction. (Brown, pg 157).
According to Simons, and Tucker “The misleading problem of failed states: a ‘socio-geography’ of terrorism in the post-9/11 era.” International terrorist do not necessarily come from the failed state. All states fail, some portion of their population, at
some point in time, the failed nation discussion have largely been the debate over US foreign and national safety since the end of the cold war. The view of failed States is still been revealed by some Americans after the 9/11 attacks, as the breeding camp for terror activities. I am tempted to focus primarily on the why failed States are potential threat for terror plots. Also, why failed states contribute to the recruitment of terrorist attacks, which pose a higher risk for U. S. interest. After the September 11, attack, the response by the United States was measured as they marginalized relationships with the nations, who were responsible for the attack. Thereby causing a decline in international relations. Van der Heide, argues that terrorism, before 9/11 was affecting the Americans for decades. Assassinations of prominent figures in American society, like R.F Kennedy and Martin Luther King are been marked as some of the key figures lost through terrorist activities. Van der Heide, also warned that, the operation of America as a lone operator, in the midst of heightened threat, was not effective. In a bid to deal with lone operators, the United States would ruin its relation with other states, that could be an ally for would be terror suspects.
These views are also shared by Meagan and Zeigler who on their first page, mention the increase in frequency of terror attacks. The growth of religious terrorism appears to account for the increased severity of terrorist attacks. (Enders & Sandler). Transnational terrorism still offers a major threat to most states. However, Miles think the September 11 attack, marks a significant change to the aid components of American foreign policy, both the aid and foreign policies experience a significant evolution. The international relations of the United States and that of other nations have also changed, especially those presumed to harbor terrorism. This research is task with the responsibility of outlining the level of potential threats, America could face in the future.
Research Methodology;
Desktop research will be conducted for this research, secondary data will be collected as required from course materials, other data will be obtained from online libraries as well as school libraries.
Research that will/could follow subsequent to this proposed project:
A follow up research on how potential threats brew and subsequently escalates in illiterate and underdeveloped societies. We need to dissect the link between actual threats /potential threats and globalization export-led terror growth in the United States. Closing the potential threat gap with industrialized countries. Generally, countries that globalize have higher potential threat growth rate than non-globalize nations,.
Works Cited;
Enders, Walter, and Todd Sandler. “Is transnational terrorism becoming more threatening? A time-series investigation.” Journal of Conflict Resolution44.3 (2000): 307-332.
https://www.usnews.com/…/homeland-security-warns-of-weaponized-drones-as-terror.
McGlinchey, Stephen. “International Relations.” (2017): 152-162.
Miles, William FS. “Deploying development to counter terrorism: post-9/11 transformation
of US foreign aid to Africa.” African Studies Review55.3 (2012): 27-60.
Seegers, V. “Securitisation: the case of post 9/11 United States Africa policy.” Scientia
Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies40.2 (2012): 22-45.
Simons, Anna, and David Tucker. “The misleading problem of failed states: a ‘socio-geography’of terrorism in the post-9/11 era.” Third World Quarterly28.2 (2007): 387-401.
Smith, Meagan, and Sean M. Zeigler. “Terrorism before and after 9/11–a more dangerous world?.” Research & Politics4.4 (2017): 2053168017739757.
van der Heide, E. J. Individual terrorism: Indicators of lone operators. MS thesis. 2011.
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